# Euclidean axiom by Hilbert

## Primary tabs

\documentclass{article}
% this is the default PlanetMath preamble.  as your knowledge
% of TeX increases, you will probably want to edit this, but
% it should be fine as is for beginners.

% almost certainly you want these
\usepackage{amssymb}
\usepackage{amsmath}
\usepackage{amsfonts}

% used for TeXing text within eps files
%\usepackage{psfrag}
% need this for including graphics (\includegraphics)
%\usepackage{graphicx}
% for neatly defining theorems and propositions
\usepackage{amsthm}
% making logically defined graphics
%%%\usepackage{xypic}

% there are many more packages, add them here as you need them

% define commands here

\theoremstyle{definition}
\newtheorem*{thmplain}{Theorem}

\begin{document}
In Hilbert's {\em Grundlagen der Geometrie} (Foundations of Geometry'; the original edition in 1899) there is the following argumentation.

{\em Let $\alpha$ be an arbitrary plane, $a$ a line in $\alpha$ and $A$ a point in $\alpha$ which lies outside $a$.  If we draw in $\alpha$ a line $c$ which passes through $A$ and intersects $a$ and then through $A$ a line $b$ such that the line $c$ intersects the lines $a$, $b$ with equal alternate interior angles} (unter gleichen Gegenwinkeln''), {\em then it follows easily from the theorem on the outer angles, that the lines $a$, $b$ have no common point, i.e., in a plane $\alpha$ one can always draw otside a line $a$ another line which does not intersect the line $a$.

The Parallel Axiom reads now:}

\textbf{IV (\PMlinkescapetext{Euclidean Axiom}}).  {\em Let $a$ be an arbitrary line and $A$ be a point outside $a$:  then in the plane determined by $a$ and $A$ there exists at most one line which passes through $A$ and does not intersect $a$.}

\textbf{Explanation}.  {\em According the the preceding text and on grounds of the Parallel Axiom we realize, that there is one and only one line which passes through $A$ and do not intersect $a$; that is called the parallel of $a$ through $A$.}

{\em The Parallel Axiom means the same as the following requirement:}

{\em When two lines $a$, $b$ in a plane do not meet a third line $c$ of the same plane, then also they do not meet each other.}

The theorem on the outer angles is the following:  {\em An outer angle of a triangle is greater than both non-adjacent angles of the triangle.}  Using this one may indirectly justify the assertion in the first cited paragraph.

{\em Introducing the Parallel Axiom simplifies the foundations and  facilitates the construction of geometry significantly.

If we \PMlinkescapetext{associate the Parallel Axiom to the Congruence Axioms}, then we obtain easily the following well-known fact:}

\textbf{Theorem 31}.  {\em If two parallels intersect a third line, then the  corresponding angles and the alternate interior angles are congruent, and conversely: the \PMlinkname{congruence}{GeometricCongruence} of the corresponding or alternate interior angles implies that the lines are parallel.}

\begin{thebibliography}{8}
\bibitem{Grundlagen}{\sc D. Hilbert}: {\em Grundlagen der Geometrie}. Neunte Auflage, revidiert und erg\"anzt von Paul Bernays.\;  B. G. Teubner Verlagsgesellschaft, Stuttgart (1962).
\end{thebibliography}

%%%%%
%%%%%
nd{document}
`